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Written by William Sutherland
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Today, barcodes conceived by Bernard Silver, a graduate student at Drexel Institute of Technology in Philadelphia, PA, and his friends Norman Woodland and Jordin Johanson in 1948 are used universally. They play a critical role for identification purposes, relational information, and tracking. They are especially useful because scanners are relatively inexpensive, extremely accurate and highly efficient at obtaining and transmitting information from barcodes and their databases.
Natural barcodes (a short strand of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (the genetic code unique to each living organism and some viruses) that consists of between 300-800 base pairs (bps) - Adenine (A)-Thymidine (T), and Cytosine (C)-Guanine (G)) that can be represented by different colors) also exist and are well established in the animal kingdom. Through sequencing of the cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene (inspired by biologist Paul Hebert's futile efforts dating back to the 1970s to identify 2000 species of moth in Papua New Guinea (because of their taxonomic and morphological similarities), his "retreat to water fleas" (of which there are only 200 species) and subsequent 2003 paper in which he described "the diversity of life as a 'harsh burden' to biologists" and suggested, "every species on Earth... be assigned a simple DNA bar code so it would be easy to tell them apart" as written in Scanning Life (National Geographic, May 2010)), which is present in the mitochondrial DNA of every multi-cellular organism, scientists are able to readily determine phylogeny (identification) on a molecular level and store it in databases for easy retrieval. Per P.M. Hollingsworth, DNA bar-coding plants in biodiversity hot spots: Progress and outstanding questions (Heredity, 9 April 2008) "DNA bar-coding is now routinely used for organismal identification" in animals and "has contributed to the discovery of new species."
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Written by bonner
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Near the end of the year, various meetings, banquets and more dinner party are also coming together. Under such circumstances, drinking a glass or two glasses of alcohol to celebrate this special moment and enjoy the happiness is inevitable. However, according to many hospitals, there are more patients than the previous one times which caused by excessive drinking alcohol or induced disorders. The number of sufferer has also increased significantly. Experts remind that regular drunkenness may lead to alcohol-induced brain disease, increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's syndrome. So on the table, you are sure to grasp the "capacity for liquor."
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Written by Sharp
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Aluminum is an amazing metal. The properties of aluminum allow it to be bent, shaped and formed into virtually anything, making it a prime candidate for the metal construction industry. Metal architects are able to create astonishing building exteriors that are not only pleasing to the eye, but also good for the environment. Custom aluminum fabricators are fond of the metal because it offers virtually limitless possibilities with its ductile properties and ability to retain coatings and finishes. As aluminum has many benefits to the world of architecture, its key benefits are its reusability and cost effectiveness for businesses.
Although aluminum is the most abundant metal on the crust of the planet, there are no mines in the United States that harvest bauxite, the mineral from which aluminum is derived. All of the mined aluminum in the United States is imported from locations around the globe, costing millions of dollars and expending other resources. If the aluminum is not mined from elsewhere, it is recycled at about 5% of the energy that it takes to remove it from the ground, extract it from a bauxite ore, and ship it across the world. Recycled aluminum is a cost effective alternative for numerous industries, but especially for metal architectural firms, construction companies and their benefitting clients.
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